Recent Change in English Grammar

Dozent/in:

Julia Schlüter

Angaben:

Seminar/Hauptseminar, 2 SWS, ECTS: 8

Termine:

Do, 10:15 - 11:45, U11/00.16
In the second week of term, MA students as well as BA/Lehramt students in their Vertiefungsmodul are expected to take part in an introduction to research methods (unless they have already participated in the Übung “Methods and Theories in Linguistics”). Thus, these participants are required to reserve the following times and dates: Mo, 16 April 2018, 8–10 h OR 10–12 h OR 12–14 h AND Thu, 19 April 2018, 10–16 h OR Fri, 20 April 2018, 8–14 h. To coordinate course dates and times, please register for the following Virtual Campus course by 12 April at the latest and take part in the survey you will find there: https://vc.uni-bamberg.de/moodle/course/view.php?id=26997. You will receive notice of the time slots you have been allotted on 13 April.

Voraussetzungen / Organisatorisches:

General organization
1. Modules:

BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY modularisiert: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY modularisiert: Wahlpflichtmodul Englische Sprachwissenschaft bei Kombination mit dem Fach Russisch Seminar (6 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Master Module English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Profile Module English Linguistics I-VI: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Consolidation Module English Linguistics I-IV: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
Erweiterungsbereich Anglistik/Amerikanistik im Rahmen anderer MA: Master Module or Profile Module I or III English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
Erasmus and other visiting students: Seminar (max. 8 ECTS)

2. Registration and Deregistration:

Registration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 12 April 2018, 23:59h.
Deregistration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 30 April 2018, 23:59h.

For students transferring to the University of Bamberg, for Erasmus students and for those who need the credit to register for their upcoming final exams a few places will be reserved. If the course is fully booked please contact the lecturer personally.

3. Requirements for successful completion of the course:

4 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation
5/6/8 ECTS in MA English and American Studies Consolidation Module English Linguistics I/II/III: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + oral exam
5 ECTS in other programmes or modules: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + assignment of 2500-3500 words
6 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 3000-4000 words
8 ECTS BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik Vertiefungsmodul: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 3500-4500 words
8 ECTS in other programmes or modules, and visiting students: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 4500-6000 words

4. Language of instruction:

English

Inhalt:

Nothing is permanent except change. This well-known saying by the Greek philosopher Heraclitus is very much true of language, even though we tend to think of it as something static that can be set down in grammar books and exhaustively listed in dictionaries. Many of us think of language change as something belonging to the distant past, where examples are more prominent. Rather than dealing with old hats, this seminar will however be concerned with relatively recent developments in the 20^th and 21^st centuries, which implies that their completion may yet be pending and we may at present witness the variation typical of such a situation.

We will focus on grammatical (i.e. morphological and syntactic) examples, such as the s-genitive, adjective gradation, contractions, modal auxiliaries and semi-modals, the perfect, the progressive, the passive, the future, the subjunctive, complex predicates, non-finite clauses, relative clauses etc. Methodological issues will be addressed as well as the question of which factors drive or impede change. We will consider language-internal (functional) forces as well as general trends such as colloquialization, Americanization, densification etc.

It will be shown that some changes are continuations of long-standing trends whereas others have occurred quite unexpectedly. The course will make students realize that English is a changing language, and that we are right in the midst of this permanent flux.

Participants will be asked to present current research in class and to carry out their own small-scale analyses of relevant phenomena in their termpapers.

The Übung that accompanies the Hauptseminar (Thursdays, 16:00 - 16:45 h) is designed to discuss oral presentations, handouts, empirical analyses and termpaper projects individually and/or in small groups. Individual arrangements will be made also, if necessary, concerning the time of the Übung. Therefore clashes with other courses scheduled for the same time slot as the Übung can be avoided.

Empfohlene Literatur:

Recommended reading:

• Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair and Nicholas Smith 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Mair, Christian 2006. Twentieth Century English: History, Variation, and Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Aarts, Bas, Joanne Close and Geoffrey Leech (eds.) 2013. The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Übung zum Hauptseminar "Recent Change in English Grammar"

Dozent/in:

Julia Schlüter

Angaben:

Übung, 1 SWS

Termine:

Do, 16:00 - 16:45, U9/01.03

Voraussetzungen / Organisatorisches:

General organization

1. Prerequisites:
Participation in the seminar / Hauptseminar "Recent Change in English Grammar"

2. Registration:
Automatic registration with registration for the Hauptseminar

3. Language of instruction:
English

Accents of English

Dozent/in:

Ole Schützler

Angaben:

Seminar/Hauptseminar, 2 SWS, ECTS: 8

Termine:

Di, 10:00 - 12:00, U2/02.30
In the second week of term, MA students as well as BA/Lehramt students in their Vertiefungsmodul are expected to take part in an introduction to research methods (unless they have already participated in the Übung “Methods and Theories in Linguistics”). Thus, these participants are required to reserve the following times and dates: Mo, 16 April 2018, 8–10 h OR 10–12 h OR 12–14 h AND Thu, 19 April 2018, 10–16 h OR Fri, 20 April 2018, 8–14 h. To coordinate course dates and times, please register for the following Virtual Campus course by 12 April at the latest and take part in the survey you will find there: https://vc.uni-bamberg.de/moodle/course/view.php?id=26997. You will receive notice of the time slots you have been allotted on 13 April.

Voraussetzungen / Organisatorisches:

General organization
1. Modules:

BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY modularisiert: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY modularisiert: Wahlpflichtmodul Englische Sprachwissenschaft bei Kombination mit dem Fach Russisch Seminar (6 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Master Module English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Profile Module English Linguistics I-VI: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Consolidation Module English Linguistics I-IV: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
Erweiterungsbereich Anglistik/Amerikanistik im Rahmen anderer MA: Master Module or Profile Module I or III English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
Erasmus and other visiting students: Seminar (max. 8 ECTS)

2. Registration and Deregistration:

Registration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 12 April 2018, 23:59h.
Deregistration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 30 April 2018, 23:59h.

For students transferring to the University of Bamberg, for Erasmus students and for those who need the credit to register for their upcoming final exams a few places will be reserved. If the course is fully booked please contact the lecturer personally.

3. Requirements for successful completion of the course:

4 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation
5/6/8 ECTS in MA English and American Studies Consolidation Module English Linguistics I/II/III: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + oral exam
5 ECTS in other programmes or modules: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + assignment of 2500-3500 words
6 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 3000-4000 words
8 ECTS BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik Vertiefungsmodul: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 3500-4500 words
8 ECTS in other programmes or modules, and visiting students: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 4500-6000 words

4. Language of instruction:

English

5. Prerequisites

Participants must have passed the Introduction to English Linguistics and English Phonetics & Phonology.

Inhalt:

This seminar is concerned with the sound system of the English language and its variation across different accents. Participants will gain knowledge of different accents and develop skills and terminology necessary for the description and comparison of accents and for the critical reading of empirical accent studies. Main aspects that are covered include

• The description and classification of vowels and consonants and the comparison of vowel and consonant systems
• (Socio)phonetic and (socio)phonological variation and change
• The acoustic analysis of vowels
• A discussion of major regional or national L1 accents of English, e.g. Southern Standard British (a.k.a. ‘RP’), Northern British, Scottish, Irish, North American, Australian
• Selected historical sound changes as far as they are responsible for major differences between present-day accents
• A discussion of selected L2 accents of English, e.g. Nigerian English, Indian English or Hong Kong English
• Discussions of empirical investigations of present-day sociolinguistic variation (and change) in accents of English

Empfohlene Literatur:

Collins, Beverley & Inger M. Mees. 2008. Practical phonetics and phonology. London: Routledge.
Cruttenden, Alan. 2014. Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. London: Hodder Education.
Ladefoged, Peter & Sandra F. Disner. 2012. Vowels and consonants. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Roach, Peter, Jane Setter & John Esling (eds.) 2011. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wells, John C. 2008. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow: Longman.
Relevant chapters from vols. 1–4 of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ed. by Bernd Kortmann & Clive Upton [vol. 1], Edgar Schneider [vol. 2], Kate Burridge & Bernd Kortmann [vol. 3] and Rajend Mesthrie [vol. 4].
Relevant chapters from Reed, Marnie & John M. Levis (eds.). 2015. The Handbook of English Pronunciation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

How Criseyde became Cressida: From Middle English Chaucerian romance to Early Modern English Shakespearean drama

Dozentinnen/Dozenten:

Gabriele Knappe, Christoph Houswitschka

Angaben:

Seminar/Hauptseminar, 2 SWS, benoteter Schein, ECTS: 8, Zentrum für Mittelalterstudien

Termine:

Do, 12:15 - 13:45, LU19/00.09
In the second week of term, MA students as well as BA/Lehramt students in their Vertiefungsmodul are expected to take part in an introduction to research methods (unless they have already participated in the Übung Methods and Theories in Linguistics ). Thus, these participants are required to reserve the following times and dates: Mo, 16 April 2018, 8 10 h OR 10 12 h OR 12 14 h AND Thu, 19 April 2018, 10 16 h OR Fri, 20 April 2018, 8 14 h. To coordinate course dates and times, please register for the following Virtual Campus course by 12 April at the latest and take part in the survey you will find there: https://vc.uni-bamberg.de/moodle/course/view.php?id=26997. You will receive notice of the time slots you have been allotted on 13 April.

Voraussetzungen / Organisatorisches:

General organization

1. Modules:
BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik: Vertiefungsmodul Literaturwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
BA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Aufbaumodul Anglistik: Seminar (6 ECTS)
BA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Aufbaumodul Anglistik: Übung (6 ECTS)
BA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Vertiefungsmodul Anglistik: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY: Vertiefungsmodul Literaturwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY: Wahlpflichtmodul Englische Sprachwissenschaft bei Kombination mit dem Fach Russisch: Seminar (6 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Master Module English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Master Module English and American Literature: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Profile Module English Linguistics I-VI: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Profile Module English and American Literature I-VI: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Consolidation Module English Linguistics I-IV: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Consolidation Module English and American Literature I-IV: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Erweiterungsbereich, Master Module or Profile Module I or III English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Erweiterungsbereich, Master Module or Profile Module I or III English and American Literature: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Mastermodul I Anglistik: Seminar (6 ECTS)
MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Mastermodul I Anglistik: Übung (1 ECTS)
MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Mastermodul II Anglistik: Seminar (7 ECTS)
MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Intensivierungsmodul II Anglistik: Seminar (5 ECTS)
Erweiterungsbereich Anglistik/Amerikanistik im Rahmen anderer MA: Master Module or Profile Module I or III English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
Erasmus and other visiting students: Seminar (max. 8 ECTS)

2. Registration and Deregistration:
IMPORTANT On FlexNow! you can register at the Department of English Literature or the Department of English Linguistics, depending on where you would like to obtain credit points from this class.

Registration dates for students who would like to obtain their credit points in English Linguistics:
Registration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 12 April 2018, 23:59h.
Deregistration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 30 April 2018, 23:59h.

Registration dates for students who would like to obtain their credit points in English Literature:
Registration and deregistration via FlexNow from 08 March 2018, 10:00h, to 08 June 2018, 23:59h.

A limited number of places will be reserved for visiting students, students who have changed universities and students who need this class urgently as they are approaching the end of their studies. If the seminar is overbooked, the teachers will decide which students will be accepted.

3. Requirements for successful completion of the course:
1 ECTS: regular active participation in class
2 ECTS: regular active participation in class + short oral presentation
4 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + short assignment of c. 2000 words
5/6/8 ECTS in MA English and American Studies Consolidation Module English Linguistics I/II/III: regular active participation in class + oral exam
5 ECTS MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies Intensivierungsmodul II: oral examination (30 minutes)
5 ECTS in other programmes or modules: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + assignment of c. 3000 words
6 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of c. 4000 words
6 ECTS BA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Aufbaumodul (Variante A): oral presentation (c. 30 minutes, ungraded) + written paper of c. 3000 to 4000 words
6 ECTS MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Mastermodul I: oral presentation (c. 30 minutes, ungraded) + written paper of c. 3500 to 4500 words
6 ECTS in other programmes or modules: regular active particiption in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of c. 4000 words
7 ECTS: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of c. 4000 to 5500 words
8 ECTS BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik Vertiefungsmodul: oral presentation (c. 30 minutes, ungraded) + seminar paper of 3500 to 4000 words
8 ECTS BA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies Vertiefungsmodul: oral presentation (c. 30 minutes, ungraded) + seminar paper of c. 4000 to 5500 words
8 ECTS in other programmes or modules, Hauptseminar and visiting students: regular active participation in class + oral presentation + seminar paper of 4500 to 6000 words

4. Language of instruction:
English

Inhalt:

Description:
Set against the backdrop of the Trojan War, the love story of Troilus and Criseyde was to become one of the favourite stories in medieval literature. It was adapted in French and Italian before it was tackled by Geoffrey Chaucer in the mid 1380s. This linguistic and literary masterpiece is the focus of attention in this seminar. We will discuss both the linguistic and the literary makeup of the text on the basis of close reading. Starting from there, we will also investigate central topics of medieval literature such as providence, fate and free will; human (courtly) love and divine love; friendship; and the role of women. On this basis, William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (c.1601) will be discussed with respect to the interplay of tradition and innovation, both in terms of literature and language. Other English adaptations of the story, such as Robert Henryson's Testament of Cresseid (c.1470), will also be considered briefly.

Students can earn credits for either literary studies or linguistics, depending on their focus in the presentation in class and the seminar paper.

Before our first meeting, students are asked to familiarize themselves with the story as told by Chaucer in a modern-language translation, either in Modern English (Coghill 1971; Windeatt 1998) or Modern German (Obst / Schleburg 2000). Warning: Translations which are available on the internet are not necessarily reliable! The critical edition which we will use in class is The Riverside Chaucer, ed. by Benson et al. (1987); the original text and other material will be made availabe on Virtueller Campus.

For those who are planning to choose Middle English in the written Staatsexamen: The first two books of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, together with ten of the Canterbury Tales, make up the corpus of texts on which the exam is based.

Also, Shakespeare's drama should become familiar to the students, at the latest in the course of the semester.

The Übung by Prof. Knappe which accompanies the seminar (Wednesday, 14:15-15:00) is designed to discuss linguistic project work and other assignments individually and/or in small groups. Individual arrangements will be made also, if necessary, concerning the time of the Übung. Therefore clashes with other courses scheduled for the same time slot as the Übung can be avoided.

In addition, for those who wish to study the Middle English language in more depth in order to fully appreciate the original texts, the seminar "Introducing Old and Middle English" (https://univis.uni-bamberg.de/form?__s=1113&dsc=anew/lecture_view&lvs=guk/angl/engls/explor&anonymous=1&founds=guk/angl/engls/explor&__e=1&sem=2018s&codeset=utf8) (taught by Prof. Dr. Gabriele Knappe) will be interesting. Guests are welcome!

On July 15-20 a study trip to Oxford and London will be organized for students with historical interests (cf. https://univis.uni-bamberg.de/form?__s=1113&dsc=anew/lecture_view&lvs=guk/angl/engls/studyt&anonymous=1&founds=guk/angl/engls/studyt&__e=1&sem=2018s&codeset=utf8). The number of places is limited. If you are interested in joining the trip, please write an email with a brief statement of your motivation to gabriele.knappe@uni-bamberg.de before February 13, 2018.

Empfohlene Literatur:

Recommended reading:

• Coghill, Nevill (transl.) 1971. Geoffrey Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

OR

• Windeatt, Barry (transl.) 1998. Geoffrey Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde. A new translation. Oxford: University Press.

OR

• Obst, Wolfgang / Floran Schleburg (übers.). 2000. Geoffrey Chaucer: Troilus und Criseyde. Frankfurt: Insel.

AND ALSO:

• Bevington, David M. (ed.) 2015. William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida. Revised ed. London: Bloomsbury.
• Boitani, Piero (ed.) 1989. The European Tragedy of Troilus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Introduction.
• Horobin, Simon. 2013. Chaucer's Language. Second ed. Heidelberg: Winter, chapters 1-3.

Uebung for Hauptseminar "How Criseyde became Cressida: From Middle English Chaucerian romance to Early Modern English Shakespearean drama" (Linguistics)

Dozent/in:

Gabriele Knappe

Angaben:

Übung

Termine:

Mi, 14:15 - 15:00, U9/01.04

Inhalt:

Description:
This practise course (Übung) is designed to help individual students and/or small groups of students who have chosen a linguistic focus in the seminar "How Criseyde became Cressida: From Middle English Chaucerian romance to Early Modern English Shakespearean drama" in their preparation of practical tasks, oral presentations and written essays. Individual arrangements will be made – also, if necessary, concerning the time of the Übung. Therefore clashes with other courses scheduled for the same time slot as the Übung can be avoided. The Übung will not start before the second week of term. Further information will be given in the first session of the seminar.

Modality

Dozent/in:

Manfred Krug

Angaben:

Seminar/Hauptseminar, 2 SWS, ECTS: 8

Termine:

Einzeltermin am 10.4.2018, Einzeltermin am 24.4.2018, Einzeltermin am 8.5.2018, 8:45 - 11:45, U9/01.11
Einzeltermin am 11.5.2018, 9:00 - 16:00, U5/02.23
Einzeltermin am 19.6.2018, Einzeltermin am 10.7.2018, 8:45 - 11:45, U9/01.11
In the second week of term, MA students as well as BA/Lehramt students in their Vertiefungsmodul are expected to take part in an introduction to research methods (unless they have already participated in the Übung Methods and Theories in Linguistics ). Thus, these participants are required to reserve the following times and dates: Mo, 16 April 2018, 8 10 h OR 10 12 h OR 12 14 h AND Thu, 19 April 2018, 10 16 h OR Fri, 20 April 2018, 8 14 h. To coordinate course dates and times, please register for the following Virtual Campus course by 12 April at the latest and take part in the survey you will find there: https://vc.uni-bamberg.de/moodle/course/view.php?id=26997. You will receive notice of the time slots you have been allotted on 13 April.

Voraussetzungen / Organisatorisches:

1. Modules:

BA Anglistik/Amerikanistik: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
LA GY modularisiert: Vertiefungsmodul Sprachwissenschaft: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Master Module English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Profile Module English Linguistics I-VI: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
MA English and American Studies: Consolidation Module English Linguistics I-IV: Seminar (8, 6, 5 or 4 ECTS)
Erweiterungsbereich Anglistik/Amerikanistik im Rahmen anderer MA: Master Module or Profile Module I or III English Linguistics: Seminar (8 ECTS)
MA Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterstudien/Medieval Studies: Mastermodul II Anglistik: Seminar (7 ECTS)
Erasmus and other visiting students: Seminar (8 ECTS)

2. Registration and Deregistration:

Registration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 12 April 2018, 23:59h.
Deregistration via FlexNow from 19 March 2018, 10:00h, to 30 April 2018, 23:59h.

For students transferring to the University of Bamberg, for Erasmus students and for those who need the credit to register for their upcoming final exams a few places will be reserved. If the course is fully booked please contact the lecturer personally.

Inhalt:

This seminar will study modality from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Starting from cross-linguistic definitional issues, we will explore in detail grammatical behaviour and meanings of English modals, as well as their historical development. In the process, we will look into such diverse aspects as regional variation (e.g. British vs. American English; varieties of English around the world), regularity in language change (short-term and long-term developments), as well as differences and interactions between spoken and written Englishes. We will also consider contrasts between English and German modals; and students can contribute aspects relating to modality in other languages (e.g. their native languages or languages in which they take particular interest). Parts of the seminar will be empirical in nature and therefore special slots have been booked in the computer pool.

Empfohlene Literatur:

• Aarts, Bas, Joanne Close and Geoffrey Leech (eds.). 2013. The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Krug, Manfred. 2000. Emerging English Modals: A Corpus-Based Study of Grammaticalization. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Krug, Manfred. 2011. Auxiliaries and Grammaticalization. In: Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.) Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 547-558.
• Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Warner, Anthony R. 1993. English auxiliaries: Structure and history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.